Before the Supreme Court – St James' Chambers, The Towers and the Queen's Club – Corner of King and Macquarie Streets, Queen's Square – 1819 to 1977

Stand in Queen's Square today and look across from St James' Church to the corner of King and Macquarie Streets. You'll see the tall Law Courts Building, home of the Supreme Court of NSW since 1977. Plenty of older Sydneysiders remember something else there: a big, many-storeyed pile of chambers, with a women's club upstairs and a restaurant in the basement. If you try to put a name to it, you'll find it had several. It was St James' Chambers, it was The Towers, and to most people it was simply the Queen's Club. Here's the story of that corner, from a convict's cottage to the courts.

The Law Courts Building on the corner of Macquarie Street and Queen's Square, 2023. Image: -wuppertaler, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0).

The Surveyor General's House

The first building we know of on the corner was a two-storey stone house. According to the Dictionary of Sydney it was built around 1819 on land owned by Thomas Clarkson, a former convict, and Clarkson may have built it himself. The land then passed to D'Arcy Wentworth. In 1820 the government leased and later bought the house as a home for the Surveyor General, John Oxley, the explorer of the inland rivers. King George IV's monogram, "G.R.", was carved in the stone over the door.

In 1838 the land went to St James' Church across the road, and the house became the St James' parsonage. For a while in the early 1840s the Australian Museum, which didn't yet have a building of its own, kept its collection in one of its rooms.

John Rae's 1842 view of Hyde Park, the St James' parsonage, the Dispensary (later the Mint) and the convict barracks. Image: John Rae, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

St James' Chambers, 1889–90

By the late 1880s the old parsonage was falling apart, and St James' needed money. Wikipedia's history of the church, drawing on the parish histories, says the trustees leased out the parsonage land and used the money in 1894 to restore the church, including Varney Parkes's new copper spire. The Dictionary of Sydney gives 1889 as the year the parsonage was demolished. The Illustrated Sydney News of 24 June 1893 said it had been "pulled down three years ago and the huge pile known as St. James's Chambers erected upon the site", which would put it around 1890. The two dates are close enough that the house probably came down in 1889, with the chambers going up over the next year.

That's the building many older Sydneysiders remember. Its tenants were mostly barristers, handy for the courts across King Street, and it went by several names. The Queen's Club calls its first home "The Towers". Other accounts call it Queen's Chambers or Barristers' Chambers. A City of Sydney Archives photo from about 1955–1965 describes it as the building "informally known as the Queens Club", which "also housed the Barristers Chambers & Crown Law Offices". I haven't found a source that gives its architect or its exact number of floors. If you have a photo or a memory of it, I'd love to hear from you.

King Street looking east towards Queen's Square in 1895. St James' spire is at the top, and the new chambers stood on the far corner of the square. Image: State Library of NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (no known copyright restrictions).

Queen's Square about 1888–1890, around the time the parsonage gave way to St James' Chambers. Photo by Charles Bayliss. Image: Charles Bayliss, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

The Queen's Club

In December 1910, seventeen women met at the Double Bay home of Mrs Isabella Salusbury to talk about starting a private social club for women. Back then the Australian Club and the Union Club were for men only. The Queen's Club's own history says they bought the lease of The Towers from St James' Church in 1911 for £850, plus £412 a year in rent. The club opened on 1 February 1912, with Lady (Jane) Barton, wife of the first Prime Minister, as its first president. It took its name from Queen's Square outside its windows.

Within two years the club had more than 350 members and had spread into two houses next door on Macquarie Street. It stayed there for over forty years. In the basement Jim Poulos ran Raynaud's restaurant. According to Pittwater Online News's history of Sydney's seafood cafés, it lasted until the building came down. A 1947 City Council building survey card for 239–241 Macquarie Street and 180 King Street lists it as the "Queen's Club. Ladies Residential club" with Raynaud's restaurant.

A march into Queen's Square, about 1931, photographed by Sam and Ted Hood. Image: Hood, Sam & Hood, Ted, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

A King's Counsel outside the Supreme Court across the square, about 1934, by Sam Hood. Barristers like him filled the chambers on the corner. Image: Sam Hood, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

It's no wonder some of us remember it as something like "Queen's Counsel" or "King's Counsel" chambers. The building was full of barristers, and the senior ones were Queen's or King's Counsel. With the Queen's Club upstairs, it's easy to see how the names ran together.

A Supreme Court Under One Roof

By the 1950s the Supreme Court was spread across a string of old buildings around the square, which the Court itself calls "ill-fitted to the work and the dignity of the Court". The State Government decided to put it all under one roof. It chose the King and Macquarie corner, then home to the Crown Law Offices and the Queen's Club building.

The Queen's Club was told the building would be taken. In June 1959 it bought the St James Hotel on Elizabeth Street for a record £325,000, and it's still there today. Sources disagree on the date of the takeover. The Probus summary of Sydney club history says the land was "resumed in 1961", while the club's own history puts the warning in the 1950s and the move in 1959. Both could be right: a warning in the late 1950s and the formal resumption a couple of years later.

According to the Supreme Court Gallery, a joint State and Commonwealth company called Law Courts Limited was formed, and in 1967 McConnel, Smith and Johnson were appointed architects, with Peter Johnson as designer. The contract even included knocking down Greenway's original King Street courts. The Chief Justice, Sir John Kerr, and the conservationists fought that. In 1974 Cabinet cancelled the demolition, and the old courts survive today.

The old chambers on the corner weren't so lucky and came down. The eastern end of King Street was closed and paved to make the plaza now called Queen's Square, and a pedestrian tunnel went in under St James Road. Premier Neville Wran opened the Law Courts Building on 1 February 1977, with Chief Justice Sir Laurence Street present. That was 65 years to the day after the Queen's Club opened on the same corner. Its first big refurbishment was finished in April 2013.

The Law Courts Building today. Image: Chris Olszewski, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

The old royal coat of arms on show at the Law Courts Building. Image: Kgbo, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

The Law Courts Building and Sydney Tower from the Domain. Image: Ymblanter, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

What Was There Before?

So, to answer the question: before the Supreme Court's Law Courts Building, the corner held St James' Chambers, built about 1889–90. It was known as The Towers, Queen's Chambers or Barristers' Chambers, and best of all as the home of the Queen's Club. Barristers and the Crown Law Offices worked inside it. Before that, for seventy years, the site was the old Surveyor General's house and St James' parsonage.

For the rest of the corner, including the statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, see my post on Queen's Square. There's also my earlier Queens Square – Macquarie Street post.

References

• Dictionary of Sydney, "Old St James parsonage".
• "A Historic Church", Illustrated Sydney News, 24 June 1893, via Trove.
• The Queen's Club, "History & Heritage".
• Supreme Court of NSW, "Law Courts Building", and Supreme Court Gallery, "Architecture".
• City of Sydney Archives: photograph A-01214458, Queens Club, Queens Square, c.1955–1965; Building Survey Card A-00509273 (1947), 239–241 Macquarie Street.
• Pittwater Online News, George Repin, "Seafood in Sydney".
• Sydney Probus Club, summary of Whitelaw talk on Sydney clubs (2023).

Queen's Square, Sydney – Macquarie, King and Elizabeth Streets – Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and Two Hundred Years at the Top of Macquarie Street – 1810 to Today

If you've ever come up the stairs at St James Station and stood at the top of Macquarie Street, you've been standing in Queen's Square. Most Sydneysiders just call it the corner by the church. On one side is Hyde Park Barracks and on the other St James' Church. The old Supreme Court sits behind the church and the big Law Courts tower stands opposite. Queen Victoria looks down Macquarie Street from her pedestal, and across the road her husband Prince Albert stares back at her. It's a small patch of paving, but it's been at the centre of Sydney's public life for two hundred years.

Queen Victoria on her pedestal in Queen's Square, with St James' Church behind, 2016. Image: Chris Olszewski, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Before the Square

When the First Fleet came in 1788, the town hugged Sydney Cove and the Tank Stream. The high ground at the top of the ridge, where Queen's Square is now, was out on the edge of things. It looked down over the open ground that became Hyde Park and the Domain. For the first twenty years it was mostly paddock, track and scrub, with the odd grant handed out to settlers.

Things changed when Governor Lachlan Macquarie arrived at the start of 1810. Macquarie wanted Sydney to look like a proper town and not a prison camp. He named the streets and set aside Hyde Park as the town common. He also put together a group of public buildings at the top of the street that carries his name. As I wrote in my earlier post on Queens Square, this corner was meant to be the civic heart of the new town.

Macquarie's Buildings

Most of the buildings around the square came from Macquarie and his convict architect Francis Greenway. On the eastern side Greenway designed the Hyde Park Barracks, built from 1817 to 1819 to house convict men who until then had found their own lodgings around town.

Hyde Park Barracks, about 1820, not long after the convicts moved in. Image: unknown artist, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

A little further down Macquarie Street stood the Rum Hospital. Its south wing later became the Mint, and its centre block was replaced by today's Sydney Hospital.

On the western side, facing the Barracks, Greenway began a courthouse. Commissioner John Thomas Bigge had been sent out from London to look into Macquarie's spending, and he had the courthouse turned into a church. That became St James' Church. The school buildings beside it were turned into the courthouse instead, and they're still part of the Supreme Court in King Street. Most accounts, including the State Heritage Register, give 7 October 1819 as the day the foundation stone was laid. The Illustrated Sydney News of 24 June 1893 gave 17 October 1819. The church opened in February 1824.

St James' Church from Hyde Park, painted by Frederick Garling. Image: Frederick Garling, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

On the north-west corner of King and Macquarie Streets stood a two-storey stone house. According to the Dictionary of Sydney it was built around 1819, possibly by the ex-convict Thomas Clarkson, and passed to D'Arcy Wentworth. The government bought it for the Surveyor General, John Oxley. In 1838 it became the St James' parsonage. That corner has its own story, which I've told in a separate post on what stood there before the Law Courts.

John Rae's 1842 view of Hyde Park, the St James' parsonage, the Dispensary (later the Mint) and the convict barracks. Image: John Rae, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Why "Queen's" Square?

For its first few decades this open ground at the top of Macquarie Street didn't have much of a name. The "Queen" in Queen's Square is Victoria, who came to the throne in 1837. It became Sydney's favourite place for showing loyalty to the Crown, and the name stuck. The busiest years came in the second half of the 1800s, when two bronze royals were set up on either side of the road.

Albert the Good, 1866

Prince Albert died in December 1861, and the colony decided to remember him with a statue. According to the City of Sydney, the Prince Consort's Statue Association was set up under Edward Deas Thomson to collect the money. Sydney people were slow to pay up. The Illustrated Sydney News of 16 May 1866 put the delay down to "a temporary want of funds", and the statue was only just ready in time.

The bronze is by the English sculptor William Theed the younger. It's a copy of a terracotta figure he made in 1865 for the Royal Albert Infirmary at Bishop's Waltham. Albert stands about three metres tall in the robes of the Order of the Garter, with a sceptre in one hand and a scroll in the other. The inscription reads: "The people of New South Wales to Albert the Good Prince Consort of Queen Victoria 1866." It was unveiled on 23 April 1866, and the streets were packed from early morning. It first stood at the head of Lover's Walk, the main north–south path through Hyde Park.

Albert has been moved more than once. In 1922 the City Circle railway was being dug under Hyde Park, and he had to go. The City of Sydney's history of Hyde Park says he went to the Royal Botanic Garden. Its public art page is less sure and only says "possibly" to the Botanic Garden. Either way, in 1987 he came back to the spot outside Hyde Park Barracks, looking across at his wife. One small slip worth knowing: the heading on the Council's own sculpture page says "Installed 1886", but the text underneath, and the inscription, both say 1866.

Prince Albert outside Hyde Park Barracks, on the corner of Macquarie Street and Prince Albert Road, 2011. Image: Bidgee, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5 au).

Two Queens, One Pedestal

The Queen Victoria statue has the better story, because the first one burned. In 1879 Sydney held its International Exhibition in the Garden Palace in the Domain. One of the displays was a marble Queen Victoria by the sculptor Marshall Wood, and the plan was to move her to Queen's Square afterwards.

On 2 August 1881 the visiting princes, Albert Victor and George (the future King George V), laid the foundation stone for the pedestal. The Sydney Statues project puts the crowd at 80,000, including 20,000 schoolchildren who were given the day off and made to lead the procession. Then on 22 September 1882 the Garden Palace burned to the ground, and the statue went with it.

A new one was ordered from Joseph Edgar Boehm. He was Vienna-born, settled in London in 1862, and was the royal family's favourite sculptor. The statue was commissioned for the 1887 Golden Jubilee, which I've covered in Queen Victoria – Golden Jubilee – 1887. It arrived in time for the colony's Centennial. Sydney Statues says it was unveiled on 23 January 1888. The Yale Center for British Art's survey of Victoria monuments says the Governor unveiled it in front of more than fifty thousand people. The State Archives photograph of the celebrations below is dated 24 January 1888, so the photo may have been taken the day after, or the dates may simply not match.

Crowds in Queen's Square for the Centennial celebrations, January 1888, with St James' spire behind. Image: State Archives and Records NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

Not everyone loved it. The Bulletin pointed out that the bronze queen was rather grander than the real one. As Sydney Statues quotes it: "if the statue is majestic it isn't faithful. Vic is four feet odd in height and ditto in diameter and goes round generally in a seedy black dress and rusty bonnet." If you want the queen in her widow's weeds, go and look at the later statue outside the QVB.

Looking from Queen's Square towards Hyde Park, about 1888–1890, by Charles Bayliss. Image: Charles Bayliss, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Queen Victoria and St James' Church. This undated State Archives print shows the statue on its original railed base. Image: State Archives and Records NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

The Royal Corner

For the next seventy years the square was where Sydney went to cheer the Crown. When Victoria died in January 1901, the Yale survey notes, the statue became the place where Sydney came to mourn her. For Edward VII's coronation in 1902, plans were drawn up to light the square with electric lamps. Empire Day, 24 May, was celebrated here well into the 1900s. The Yale survey has a 1930 photograph of the statue decorated for the day.

The plan for lighting up Queen's Square for Edward VII's coronation, January 1902. Image: State Archives and Records NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

The square was also where the trams turned. A cable tram used to run up King Street to Queen's Square and on out to the eastern suburbs. In 1908 the Council moved the statue, and a City of Sydney Archives file from June–July that year records the plan to put it "in the centre of the Square". According to Sydney Statues it moved about 50 feet.

A cable tram climbing King Street towards Queen's Square, with St James' spire at the top, 1895. Image: State Library of NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (no known copyright restrictions).

Queen's Square around 1908, with tram wires overhead and St Mary's Cathedral in the distance. Image: State Archives and Records NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

Queen's Square around 1900, from the Tyrrell glass plate collection. Image: Powerhouse Museum, Tyrrell Collection, via Wikimedia Commons (no known copyright restrictions).

Trains Under the Park

The biggest change underground came in the 1920s, when John Bradfield's city railway was dug beneath Hyde Park. St James Station, named after the church, opened in December 1926 with Museum Station as the first underground stops in Sydney. Prince Albert had to make way for the works. Bradfield also built extra platforms and tunnels at St James for lines to the eastern and northern suburbs that never used them. In the Second World War they were fitted out as air-raid shelters. When the Eastern Suburbs line was finally built and opened in 1979, it took a different route through Martin Place, and the St James tunnels were left empty.

St James Station's Elizabeth Street entrance decorated for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, 1954. Image: State Archives and Records NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

One of the unused platforms at St James Station, built for lines that never came. Image: Beau Giles, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

The pedestrian tunnel at St James Station, 2022. Image: Kgbo, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Marches, Rallies and a Time Capsule

Because it sits at the top of Macquarie Street, at the end of Hyde Park and across from the courts, the square has always drawn crowds. Processions, parades and rallies have marched up King Street and into the square. Sam Hood photographed one of them around 1931.

Marching into Queen's Square, about 1931, photographed by Sam and Ted Hood. Image: Hood, Sam & Hood, Ted, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

The square as we know it today dates from the 1970s. As part of the new Law Courts project, the top end of King Street between Phillip and Macquarie Streets was closed to traffic. It was paved over to join the courts to the island block holding St James' and the old Supreme Court, and a pedestrian tunnel was dug under St James Road. The Supreme Court says this made things much easier in what had been "a highly congested area".

While the plaza was being built in July 1975, Council workmen found a glass jar under the foundation block of the Queen Victoria statue. Inside were newspapers, Government Gazettes, the programme and song list for 2 August 1881, a list of members of Parliament, a Sydney handbook, coins minted in 1881 and two medallions, one from the 1879 Exhibition. Someone had added more papers in 1908 when the statue was moved. The water had got to them, and according to Sydney Statues they were taken to the City Librarian's office to dry out.

Queen Victoria today, 2019. Image: Sardaka, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Queen's Square Today

These days the square is mostly lawyers with trolleys of files, office workers taking a short cut and tourists heading to the Barracks. The Barracks is now World Heritage listed. Around you are Greenway's church and court, the 1977 Law Courts tower and two Victorian bronzes. It's one of the few corners of Sydney where you can see two hundred years of the city at once. Next time you're up there, look at Victoria, then turn round and look at Albert. They've only been facing each other since 1987.

St James' Church from Queen's Square, 2021. Image: Kgbo, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

An undated State Archives view across Queen's Square towards the Domain, with the Registrar General's Office in the foreground. Image: State Archives and Records NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0).

For more on the corner's neighbours, see my posts on Hyde Park, St James' Church and Hyde Park Barracks. For another royal visit, see the attempted assassination of Prince Alfred in 1868.

References

• City of Sydney, "Prince Albert" (public art) and "History of Hyde Park".
• Sydney Statues, "Queen Victoria, Queens Square".
• Yale Center for British Art, Victoria Monuments survey, "Statue of Queen Victoria, Sydney".
• City of Sydney Archives, Town Clerk file A-00214476 (1908), moving the statue to the centre of the Square.
• Supreme Court of NSW, "Law Courts Building" and Supreme Court Gallery, "Architecture".
• Heritage NSW, State Heritage Register, St James' Church (SHR 01703).
• Dictionary of Sydney, "Old St James parsonage".
• "A Historic Church", Illustrated Sydney News, 24 June 1893, via Trove.

St James' Church, King Street – Queens Square, Sydney – Greenway's Courthouse That Became a Church – 1819 to Today

Come up out of St James Station by the Queens Square exit and the first thing you see is a plain brick church with a copper spire, looking across at Hyde Park Barracks. It doesn't look like much from the outside. It's the oldest church still standing in the middle of Sydney, though, and it was designed by a convicted forger and built by convicts. Before that, it was supposed to be a courthouse. The station is even named after it.

St James' Church from Queens Square. Photo: Ymblanter, 2024, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Greenway and Macquarie

Governor Lachlan Macquarie wanted Sydney to look like a proper town, and his architect was Francis Greenway, a Bristol architect who had been transported for forgery. Greenway had already designed the Hyde Park Barracks for convicts, built from 1817 to 1819. He then designed a new building to stand opposite it, on the other side of what became Queens Square.

That building was meant to be a courthouse. Macquarie's real plan for a church was a huge cathedral on George Street, where St Andrew's is now. Then Commissioner John Thomas Bigge arrived from London to look into Macquarie's government and spending. Macquarie and Bigge laid the foundation stone together on 7 October 1819. By February 1820, less than four months after he arrived, Bigge was pushing hard for the courthouse to be turned into a church instead. The cathedral was shelved, a steeple was added to the west end of Greenway's design, and the school buildings next door were used as the court. Those school buildings later became part of the Supreme Court in King Street.

Why did Bigge change his mind? The Supreme Court of NSW's own history of the King Street court complex has a dry answer. It notes that three years later his brother-in-law and secretary, a wine merchant called Thomas Hobbes Scott, was made Archdeacon.

St James' Church, painted by Frederick Garling. Frederick Garling, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

Built by convicts, 1820 to 1824

The State Heritage Register says the church was commissioned in 1819, designed by Greenway and built between 1820 and 1824 with convict labour. The walls are local brick, divided into bays by brick pilasters, with tall round-arched windows. There's a Doric portico on each side. Greenway lined the church up with his barracks across the square, and the two buildings share the same proportions, pilasters and gables. J. M. Freeland's history of Australian architecture counts it among Greenway's finest works.

The first service was held in the unfinished church on 6 January 1822, the feast of the Epiphany. The Sydney Gazette expected that the church would hold 2,000 people once it was fitted out. The senior chaplain, Samuel Marsden, consecrated it on 11 February 1824. Its first minister was Richard Hill, and St James' got its own parish in 1835.

The spire stands 46 metres high, and before the tall buildings went up it was used as a landmark by ships coming up the harbour. Varney Parkes replaced it in copper in 1894, using copper that had already been weathered so it wouldn't look too different. It was fully restored between 2008 and 2010. The spire was on the old paper ten-dollar note from 1966 to 1993, alongside other Greenway buildings.

St James' in 1836, from a lithograph by Robert Russell printed by John Gardner Austin. State Library of NSW, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

The interior in 1831, with the three-decker pulpit and box pews. William Bradridge, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

The convicts' gallery

In the early years the church was laid out for preaching. A three-decker pulpit stood in the middle of the east end, with box pews facing each other across the aisle. Pews were rented out, and the poor sat in the free seats. The heritage listing says the western gallery, which is still there, was built for the convicts from the barracks across the square.

John Verge added a vestry at the east end in 1832 in Greenway's style, and galleries were added along the north and east walls. Around 1900 the architect John Buckeridge rebuilt the interior for the rector William Carr Smith, an Anglo-Catholic. He added an apse for the altar, raised the chancel, and took out the box pews and the north and east galleries. Only the red cedar gallery at the west end survives. The coffered ceiling dates from 1882.

The interior today, looking towards the chancel. Photo: Sardaka, 2007, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0).

The Westminster Abbey of the South

The walls are covered in memorials. There are more than 300, and they're the reason St James' has been called "the Westminster Abbey of the South". The first was for Commodore Sir James Brisbane, who died in Sydney on his way to take command in South America. It was carved by Sir Francis Chantrey and put up in 1830. The tablet for the explorer Edmund Kennedy is the only memorial in the church that shows an Aboriginal man, Jackey Jackey, who was with Kennedy when he was killed. There are also memorials to the Macleays, and a window for Keith Mackellar, brother of the poet Dorothea Mackellar, who was killed in the Boer War at 20. Hardy Wilson designed the First World War memorial, dedicated on 14 June 1922. In 2014 the Governor, Marie Bashir, unveiled a plaque for Arthur Phillip, like one placed in Westminster Abbey that same year.

The memorial to the actress Nellie Stewart, one of more than 300 in the church. Photo: Roger Garland, 2014, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0).

The crypt and the Children's Chapel

Under the church is a big brick crypt with vaulted ceilings. It has been used for all sorts of things over the years. Richard Hill's widow lived down there, it housed the parish schools, and in both world wars it was a shelter and hostel for servicemen. One source says more than 30,000 Allied servicemen were given a bed there during the Second World War. Since 1954 the Sister Freda Mission has served meals to the homeless from the crypt. The mission started with the Sisters of the Church in 1899.

The best-known room in the crypt is the Chapel of St Mary and the Angels, better known as the Children's Chapel. It opened in 1929 as a chapel for little children. All four walls and the ceiling are painted with murals designed by the writer and artist Ethel Anderson. They were painted by the Turramurra Wall Painters Union, a group of modernist painters she started in 1927. The murals were conserved in 1992–93. Geoffrey Danks restored the crypt itself in 1977–78.

The brick vaults of the crypt. Photo: Whiteghost.ink, 2010, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0).

Music

St James' has had music since the 1820s. Its first organ, by John Gray of London, was played for the first time on 7 October 1827, and The Australian reported an overflowing congregation. James Pearson became choir leader the same year. Isaac Nathan, often called Australia's first composer, set up a musical society at the church in the 1840s. The Dictionary of Sydney's entry on him by Graeme Skinner covers that period.

In recent years the parish ordered a new organ from Dobson Pipe Organ Builders in Iowa. The workshop burned down on 15 June 2021 with the organ inside. Dobson started again, and the new Bicentennial Pipe Organ was dedicated at the church's patronal festival in July 2024, the ABC and the parish reported. There's also a ring of eight bells. The tenor was cast in 1795 by John Rudhall and came from St Paul's Church in Bristol. The other seven were cast by John Taylor of Loughborough in 2002 and dedicated on 27 July 2003. They're named after people linked to the church, including Francis Greenway, Lachlan Macquarie, Mary Reibey and Sister Freda. One is named Eora, after the traditional owners of the land.

The Mears bell, the old service bell cast at Whitechapel in 1820. Photo: Whiteghost.ink, 2011, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0).

Hyde Park Barracks across the square

St James' and Hyde Park Barracks belong together. Greenway designed both, and he lined them up across the square. The church was built with convict labour, and its gallery was meant for the convicts. The heritage listing treats them, with the old Supreme Court and the Rum Hospital buildings, as one of the most important groups of colonial buildings in the country. The barracks is on the World Heritage List as part of the Australian Convict Sites. In the middle of the 20th century the church and its neighbours were threatened with demolition, and the eighth rector, Philip Micklem, was an early champion of saving Sydney's colonial buildings, the Australian Dictionary of Biography says.

Queens Square around 1930, with St James' on the left. Photographer unknown, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

Visiting

St James' was listed on the State Heritage Register on 3 September 2004, as item 01703. It still holds the annual service that opens the legal year, when the judges come over from the courts next door in their wigs. The church is open most days, and the crypt and Children's Chapel are worth asking about. Have a look at the convicts' gallery at the back, then cross the square and stand at the barracks gate. You'll see how carefully Greenway lined the two buildings up.

St James' Church, King Street, 2021. Photo: Kgbo, 2021, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Where this came from

• NSW State Heritage Register: St James' Anglican Church (SHR 01703), as reproduced in the Wikipedia article on St James' Church, Sydney.
• Kenneth Cable and Rosemary Annable, St James' 1824–1999, Churchwardens of St James', 1999; and A Short Story of Historic St James', 1963 (both cited, not read).
• The Sunday Times, 5 October 1919, p. 23, "Hundredth Anniversary of Famous Sydney Church" (Trove, cited).
• Supreme Court of NSW: King Street court complex history (cited).
• J. M. Freeland, Architecture in Australia – A History, 1968 (cited).
• The Australian, 10 October 1827, p. 3 (Trove, cited), on the first organ.
• ABC News, 23 December 2023, on the Dobson organ and the fire.
• K. J. Cable, "Micklem, Philip Arthur", Australian Dictionary of Biography (cited).
• Graeme Skinner, "Nathan, Isaac", Dictionary of Sydney (cited).

Queens Chambers - Cnr Of Macquarie St & King St - Sydney - New South Wales

The Queens Chambers - Corner Of Macquarie Street & King Street - Sydney - NSW

The Queen's Chambers on Macquarie Street in Sydney refers to a historic building that once stood at that location. Here's some information about the Queen's Chambers:

1. Location: The Queen's Chambers were located on Macquarie Street, which is a major street in the central business district of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Macquarie Street is known for its significant heritage buildings and is home to various government institutions and cultural landmarks.

2. History: The Queen's Chambers were constructed in the late 19th century. The building was designed in the Victorian architectural style, reflecting the architectural trends of that era.

3. Purpose: The Queen's Chambers served as commercial offices, housing various businesses and professionals over the years. It was named in honor of Queen Victoria, the reigning monarch during the time of its construction.

4. Architectural Features: The Queen's Chambers featured ornate detailing, including decorative facades, intricate stonework, and elegant interiors. The building showcased the craftsmanship and architectural grandeur of the late 19th century.

5. Demolition: Unfortunately, the Queen's Chambers no longer exist today. Like many historic buildings in Sydney, the Queen's Chambers were demolished due to urban development and city planning initiatives. The exact date of its demolition is unclear.

6. Heritage and Preservation: While the Queen's Chambers itself is no longer standing, the preservation of heritage buildings on Macquarie Street remains a priority. Macquarie Street is lined with numerous historic structures that have been preserved and protected due to their architectural, historical, and cultural significance.

It's important to note that the information provided is based on general knowledge of historic buildings in Sydney, and without more specific details or additional research, it may not capture the complete history or intricacies of the Queen's Chambers on Macquarie Street.

 
The Queens Chambers 

DEMOLISHED 

Albert The Good Statue - Queens Square - Hyde Park Barracks Vicinity - Macquarie Street - Sydney - NSW

This statue of Albert the Good by English sculptor William Theed (1804-91) stands in Queens Square however, when it was first unveiled by the Governor Sir John Young in April 1866, it was located at the entrance to Hyde Park. Albert the Good was the Prince Consort, the husband of Queen Victoria. In 1922 the statue was moved, during the works for the City Circle railway, possibly to the Royal Botanic Garden, according to the City of Sydney. In 1987 it was returned to its present spot in front of Hyde Park Barracks, opposite the statue of Queen Victoria.


Prince Albert Road

Forming the eastern half of the semi-circle of road at the northern end of Hyde Park, Prince Albert Road serves no particular purpose than to provide balance and contrast to St James Road. Its name seems appropriate, given that it honours Albert the Good, the German born Consort and husband of Queen Victoria, who many believe served no particular regal purpose than to provide balance and contrast to Queen Victoria. The connection between Queen Victoria and Prince Albert accounts for the naming of Prince Albert Road, given its relationship with Queens Square. His formal title was Prince Consort, granted by Queen Victoria in 1857. There would have been some concern over the Queen marrying a foreigner, and the name "Albert the Good" would have been part of Royal propaganda to winning the people around with the assurance that he was a real good fellow.

Prince Albert never visited Australia and was little known in this country except for his straight-laced moral attitude, his devotion to his wife and her deep love for him. He was the mastermind of the Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 which triggered a succession of imitative expositions around the British Empire including one in Sydney and another in Melbourne. He contracted typhoid fever and died shortly before Christmas 1861. Prince Albert's death devastated Queen Victoria who suffered a nervous breakdown. Tradition has it that for the rest of her life she slept with a photo above her head, taken of him as he lay dead, and had his clothes laid out on the bed. The basin in his room was filled with fresh water every day until her death.

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Albert the Good – The Full Story of Sydney's Prince Consort Statue

Walk up Macquarie Street to the top end, where it meets Prince Albert Road and St James Road, and you'll find two bronze figures eyeing each other across the traffic. On the western side is Queen Victoria. On the eastern side, out the front of Hyde Park Barracks, is her husband Prince Albert, robed up in the Order of the Garter. He's been standing in Sydney since St George's Day, 23 April 1866, when somewhere between twenty and thirty thousand people turned out to watch him unveiled. Since then he has been shifted off his first spot at the top of Hyde Park, spent decades out of the way, and was only put back next to his Queen in 1987. Here's how it all happened.

Albert the Good in Queens Square in 2021, out the front of Hyde Park Barracks. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Who Was Prince Albert?

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was born on 26 August 1819 at Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg in Germany. He married his first cousin, Queen Victoria, on 10 February 1840 at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, and they went on to have nine children. Victoria formally gave him the title "Prince Consort" in 1857.

He wasn't popular with the British at first. Wikipedia's account of his life notes he was seen as coming from a poor little German state, and that Parliament's refusal to make him a peer was partly down to anti-German feeling. Over time he won people over. He backed educational reform and the fight against slavery, ran the royal household and estates, and above all pushed through the Great Exhibition of 1851 in the Crystal Palace in London's Hyde Park. The profit from that show bought the land in South Kensington where the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Royal Albert Hall and the Victoria and Albert Museum now stand.

Prince Albert photographed by J.J.E. Mayall on 15 May 1860, about eighteen months before he died. John Jabez Edwin Mayall, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Prince Albert painted by Franz Xaver Winterhalter in 1859. Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Crystal Palace during the Great Exhibition of 1851, Albert's great project. Dickinson Brothers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

His Death in December 1861

Albert had been poorly for a couple of years with stomach trouble. On 9 December 1861 one of his doctors, William Jenner, diagnosed typhoid fever, and Albert died in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle at 10.50 pm on 14 December 1861. He was only 42. Some modern writers think a long-running illness such as Crohn's disease, kidney failure or cancer may have been the real cause, given how long he had been sick.

Victoria never got over it. She went into deep mourning and wore black for the rest of her life, and Albert's rooms in all their houses were kept as he left them, with hot water brought in each morning and fresh linen and towels laid out every day. Albert had asked that no statues be put up to him, but nobody listened. Memorials went up right across Britain and the Empire, so many that Charles Dickens joked to a friend that he was looking for an "inaccessible cave" to get away from them.

"The last moments of H.R.H. the Prince Consort", a print of the scene at Windsor in December 1861. Unknown author, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The best known of all the memorials, the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens, London. Diliff, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Sydney Passes the Hat Around

When the news of Albert's death reached the colony, Sydney decided it wanted its own statue. According to the City of Sydney, a Prince Consort's Statue Association was set up to raise the money, chaired by Edward Deas Thomson, the former Colonial Secretary and a member of the Legislative Council. The plan was paid for by public subscription.

The money didn't exactly pour in. The City of Sydney says the public's response was "perhaps more equivocal" than the committee's enthusiasm, and quotes the Illustrated Sydney News of 16 May 1866 saying that "a temporary want of funds" meant the statue was barely ready in time for its big day. The Empire newspaper of 23 May 1866, quoted on Monument Australia, put the sum needed at about £3,000, which was sent off to England.

Edward Deas Thomson, drawn by William Nicholas in the late 1840s. He later chaired the Prince Consort's Statue Association. William Nicholas, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Sculptor – William Theed the Younger

The statue was the work of William Theed the younger (1804–1891), who was born in Trentham, Staffordshire. He trained at the Royal Academy Schools, spent nearly twenty years working in Rome, and came back to London in 1848. He did a lot of work for the royal family, and after Albert died Queen Victoria had Theed take the prince's death mask. He went on to make several memorial statues of Albert, including the one at Balmoral Castle.

The Empire's 1866 report says the Sydney bronze was "the second of the Prince", designed by "Mr. W. Theed, Henrietta-street, Cavendish-square, London", and cast at Nuremberg. It was put on show in London in March 1865. The paper says the original model had been made at the Queen's command as a present to Coburg, and that the Duke of Newcastle ordered a bronze cast taken from it for the people of Sydney. It also says the Queen thought this the best likeness of Albert there was.

Unveiling Day – St George's Day, 23 April 1866

On the day, the Empire reported, the statue was "uncovered on St. George's Day" at the northern entrance to Hyde Park, opposite Macquarie Street, with "his Excellency the Governor" there to give an address (that was Sir John Young, as my original text says). The paper called the crowd "the largest assemblage of citizens of all classes ever witnessed in Sydney", with estimates of twenty to thirty thousand people. The City of Sydney, quoting the Illustrated Sydney News, says the streets were packed from early in the morning.

The Empire described the figure as ten feet high, showing the prince "in a commanding attitude dressed in the robes of the order of the garter". The railings were the "universal trident" pattern used at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and the oval base, 20 feet by 16, was of colonial stone with spots left on which it was "intended to place lions". The whole thing, statue and pedestal, stood 20 feet 6 inches. The City of Sydney adds that in his left hand he holds a sceptre and in his right an unrolled scroll.

Prince Albert's statue at the top of Hyde Park in 1872, photographed by Charles Percy Pickering for the Government Printing Office. Pickering, Charles Percy (New South Wales. Government Printing Office), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Albert at the northern entrance to Hyde Park around 1880. Australian National Maritime Museum on The Commons, No known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons

Hyde Park from Queens Square, about 1888–1890, by Charles Bayliss. Albert's first spot was here at the head of the park's main avenue. Charles Bayliss, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Inscription

The words on the pedestal read:

THE PEOPLE OF NEW SOUTH WALES TO ALBERT THE GOOD PRINCE CONSORT OF QUEEN VICTORIA 1866

So "Albert the Good" isn't just a nickname. It's carved right there in the stone.

The statue and its pedestal, photographed in 2017. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Albert in his Garter robes, sceptre in one hand and scroll in the other. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Queen Victoria Joins Him – 1888

For more than twenty years Albert stood on his own. Then, for the centenary in 1888, a statue of Victoria went up across the way in Queens Square. Governor Macquarie had planned a public square there. It was first called Kings Square and was renamed Queens Square when Victoria came to the throne in 1837.

The Queen's statue is by Joseph Edgar Boehm. The Yale Center for British Art says it was commissioned for her Golden Jubilee of 1887 and that a foundation stone had gone down as early as 1881, during the visit of Prince Edward and Prince George of Wales. Lord Carrington, the Governor, unveiled it on 24 January 1888, two days before the centenary itself. Yale puts the crowd at over fifty thousand. When Victoria died in 1901 the statue became a focus for Sydney's mourning, and for years afterwards it was dressed up for Empire Day.

Celebrations at Queens Square, dated 24 January 1888, the day the Queen Victoria statue was unveiled. From State Archives and Records NSW. Photographic Collection from Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Queens Square with St James' Church and the Queen Victoria statue, undated. From State Archives and Records NSW. Photographic Collection from Australia, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Marching into Queens Square, about 1931, photographed by Sam and Ted Hood. Hood, Sam & Hood, Ted, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Boehm's Queen Victoria in Queens Square in 2021, looking across at Albert. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Another view of the Queen, 2017. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The Queen Victoria statue in Queens Square, 2016. Chris Olszewski, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Moving Albert

The City Circle Upheaval, 1922

The City of Sydney's Hyde Park history says the underground City Circle railway was built from 1916 into the early 1930s and that most of the park was dug up using the "cut and cover" method. The fig trees were cut down, the park was fenced off and the surrounding streets were widened. St James and Museum stations were open by 1926.

Albert was in the way. The City of Sydney's Hyde Park history and Monument Australia both say he was moved to the Botanic Gardens in 1922. The City of Sydney's own page on the statue is more careful. It says he was moved in 1922, "possibly to the Royal Botanic Garden", during the railway works.

"The then new Astor Flats in Macquarie Street, showing statue of Albert the Good on left", photographed by Sam Hood. Commons dates it to the 1930s, which doesn't sit easily with a 1922 move. See "Where the Sources Disagree" below. Sam Hood, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Back With His Queen, 1987

In 1987 the statue was moved again, this time to the spot where it stands today, on the corner of Macquarie Street and Prince Albert Road out the front of Hyde Park Barracks. The City of Sydney describes him as "gazing earnestly at Queen Victoria opposite". A nearby plaque, quoted on Monument Australia, reads in part: "This bronze of Prince Albert was reunited with that of his wife, Queen Victoria, in 1987. He first stood outside Hyde Park but was later isolated for many years in the Botanic Gardens." (Monument Australia's transcription has "Her first stood", which looks like a slip for "He".) The plaque was sponsored by Caltex and the New South Wales Government.

Albert on the corner of Macquarie Street and Prince Albert Road, with Hyde Park Barracks behind him, 2011. Bidgee, CC BY-SA 2.5 au, via Wikimedia Commons

Albert the Good in 2013. Toby Hudson, CC BY-SA 3.0 au, via Wikimedia Commons

Albert with Sydney Tower poking up behind him, 2013. Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The Neighbourhood – Queens Square, the Barracks and St James'

Albert couldn't have better neighbours if you're into old Sydney. Around Queens Square, going clockwise from the north, are the Law Courts Building, the Sydney Mint, Hyde Park Barracks, the Land Titles Office, Hyde Park, St James' Church and the old Sydney Law School building.

Hyde Park Barracks

Right behind Albert is Hyde Park Barracks, designed by the convict architect Francis Greenway. Macquarie laid the foundation stone on 6 April 1817, and the barracks opened on 4 June 1819 with 589 convicts admitted. Around 30,000 men and boys are thought to have passed through between 1819 and 1848. After the convicts left, the building became a female immigration depot, then an asylum for infirm and destitute women. From the late 1880s it was home to courts, by then known as the Queen's Square Courts. It's now a museum, and in 2010 it was one of eleven Australian Convict Sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Hyde Park convict barracks, painted in about 1820. State Library of NSW. Unknown authorUnknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Hyde Park Barracks in 2021. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

St James' Church

Across the square from the barracks is St James', King Street, another Greenway design. Macquarie and Commissioner Bigge laid its foundation stone on 7 October 1819. It was first meant to be a courthouse, but Bigge pushed for it to become a church, and Samuel Marsden consecrated it on 11 February 1824. Greenway lined it up with his barracks, and the two buildings have similar proportions, pilasters and gables. It's the oldest church still standing in inner Sydney.

St James' Church and the Supreme Court House in 1836, a coloured lithograph published by John Gardner Austin. State Library of NSW. John Gardner Austin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

St James' Church on Queens Square in 2021. Kgbo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

St James' Church, photographed in 2013 from near the Albert statue. Toby Hudson, CC BY-SA 3.0 au, via Wikimedia Commons

The Mint and Macquarie Street

Next door to the barracks is the Mint, the southern wing of Macquarie's Rum Hospital. The Royal Mint's Sydney Branch began work there on 14 May 1855 and closed in January 1927.

"Hyde Park, St James Parsonage, Dispensary (afterwards the Sydney Mint) and Convict Barracks", a watercolour by John Rae, 1842. State Library of NSW. John Rae, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Mint building on Macquarie Street, 2007. Sardaka at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Heritage

I couldn't find a heritage listing for the statue on its own in the sources I checked. The square it stands in, though, is well covered. The New South Wales State Heritage Register listing for the "Mint Building and Hyde Park Barracks Group" (listing 190, from 2 April 1999) includes "Queen's Square" among its official names. Hyde Park Barracks is also on the National Heritage List (2007) and the World Heritage List (2010), and St James' Church has been on the State Heritage Register since 2004.

Albert Today

These days Albert has a front-row seat on one of the busiest corners of the old town. Lawyers rush past to the courts, school groups head into the barracks, and St James' Station is just underneath. Next time you're up that end of Macquarie Street, stop for a minute and look at the pair of them: Victoria on her side, Albert on his, back together after all those years apart.

Timeline

• 26 August 1819 – Albert born at Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg.
• 1837 – Victoria comes to the throne. Kings Square in Sydney becomes Queens Square.
• 10 February 1840 – Albert and Victoria marry.
• 1 May 1851 – The Great Exhibition opens in the Crystal Palace, London.
• 25 June 1857 – Victoria makes Albert "Prince Consort".
• 14 December 1861 – Albert dies at Windsor Castle, aged 42.
• 1860s – The Prince Consort's Statue Association, chaired by Edward Deas Thomson, raises about £3,000 by public subscription.
• March 1865 – Theed's bronze, cast at Nuremberg, goes on show in London.
• 23 April 1866 (St George's Day) – The statue is unveiled at the northern entrance to Hyde Park before 20,000 to 30,000 people.
• 1881 – Foundation stone laid for the Queen Victoria statue in Queens Square.
• 24 January 1888 – Lord Carrington unveils Boehm's Queen Victoria statue.
• 1916 to early 1930s – City Circle railway built through Hyde Park.
• 1922 – Albert moved off his Hyde Park site, possibly to the Royal Botanic Garden.
• 1987 – Albert moved to his present spot outside Hyde Park Barracks, facing Victoria.
• 2 April 1999 – The Mint and Hyde Park Barracks group, including Queen's Square, listed on the NSW State Heritage Register.
• 2010 – Hyde Park Barracks inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Where the Sources Disagree

• Where Albert went in 1922, and when. Monument Australia and the City of Sydney's Hyde Park history say he went to the Botanic Gardens in 1922. The City of Sydney's page on the statue only says "possibly" the Royal Botanic Garden. Meanwhile the Dictionary of Sydney lists a 1925 W.D. & H.O. Wills card titled "Prince Consort's statue & Astor House, Macquarie St", and Sam Hood's photo of "the then new Astor Flats in Macquarie Street" shows the statue. The Dictionary dates the Astor to 1923, and Commons dates Hood's photo to the 1930s. If those dates are right, the statue was still in Macquarie Street after 1922. I couldn't settle this from the sources I could reach.
• Why he was moved. Some popular accounts link the move to anti-German feeling in World War I. The City of Sydney, Monument Australia and the Hyde Park history all tie the 1922 move to the City Circle railway works and don't mention the war. I couldn't find a fetched source for the wartime campaigns against the statue.
• Where the model came from. The Empire (1866) says Theed's model was made at the Queen's command as a present to Coburg, with the Sydney bronze cast from it. The City of Sydney says the bronze copies a terracotta Theed made in 1865 for the Royal Albert Infirmary at Bishop's Waltham.
• What the base is made of. The Empire describes an oval base of "colonial stone". The City of Sydney says the statue stands on a granite pedestal and that the plinth is Pyrmont stone.

My Earlier Posts

• Queens Square - Macquarie Street
• Hyde Park Barracks - Macquarie Street
• St James Church - 173 King Street
• Hyde Park - Sydney
• Macquarie Street And Associated Landmarks
• The Sydney Mint – Macquarie Street – Sydney – New South Wales
• NSW Parliament - Macquarie Street - Sydney
• Sydney Hospital - Macquarie Street - Sydney
• Sydney Royal Botanic Garden
• Captain Cook Statue - Hyde Park South - Unveiled 25th February 1879
• John Frazer Fountain – Hyde Park – Sydney
• Queen Victoria – Golden Jubilee – 1887
• Queen Victoria - Diamond Jubilee - 1898
• Proclamation – Sir Richard Bourke – King William IV’s Death – Queen Victoria as Sovereign – 27 October 1837
• The Attempted Assassination of Prince Alfred – Clontarf – 12 March 1868
• The Garden Palace – The Sydney International Exhibition of 1879
• Alfred And Albert Streets - Semi Circular Quay
• Sydney Garden Palace - Part 1 - Macquarie Street

Sources

• City of Sydney – Prince Albert (sculpture)
• City of Sydney – History of Hyde Park
• Monument Australia – Prince Albert (quotes Empire, Sydney, 23 May 1866)
• Dictionary of Sydney – Statue of Prince Albert
• Yale Center for British Art – Statue of Queen Victoria, Sydney
• Wikipedia – Albert, Prince Consort
• Wikipedia – William Theed
• Wikipedia – Queens Square, Sydney
• Wikipedia – Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney (draws on NSW State Heritage Register listing 190)
• Wikipedia – St James' Church, Sydney
• Images: Wikimedia Commons, with credits under each picture